7.1 General Introduction
7.2 The Molluscan Nervous System
7.2.1 Polyplacophorans and Monoplacophorans
7.2.2 Aplacophorans
7.2.2.1 Caudofoveata
7.2.2.2 Solenogastres
7.2.3 Bivalves
7.2.4 Scaphopods
7.2.5 Gastropods
7.2.5.1 Streptoneury and Euthyneury
7.2.6 Cephalopods
7.2.6.1 The Cephalopod Brain
7.3 Molluscan Neurosecretory Cells and the Neuroendocrine System
7.3.1 Neurosecretory Cells in the CNS
7.3.2 Neurotransmitters
7.3.3 Neuroendocrine System
7.3.3.1 Aplacophorans and Polyplacophorans
7.3.3.2 Scaphopods
7.3.3.3 Bivalves
7.3.3.4 Gastropods
7.4 Sensory Structures
7.4.1 Epidermal Receptors
7.4.2 Ampullae or Ciliary Bottles
7.5 Sense Organs
7.5.1 Larval Sense Organs
7.5.1.1 Water Pressure Reception
7.5.1.2 Apical Sensory Organs in Larval Gastropods and Some Bivalves
7.5.1.3 Ampullary System in Polyplacophoran Larvae
7.5.2 Nociception
7.5.3 Mechanoreceptor Organs
7.5.4 The Statocysts – Gravity, Balance, and Direction
7.5.4.1 Cephalopod Statocysts
7.5.4.2 Sound Reception
7.5.5 Cephalopod Arms and Suckers
7.5.6 Pressure Receptors
7.5.7 Scaphopod Captaculae
7.5.8 Coleoid Cephalopod Lateral Line Analogue
7.6 Chemosensory Structures
7.6.1 Osphradia and Posterior Sense Organs
7.6.1.1 Osphradial Structure and Function
7.6.2 Lip Receptors
7.6.3 Adoral Sense Organ
7.6.4 Preoral Sense Organ
7.6.5 Ctenidial Sense Organs (Bursicles) of Vetigastropods
7.6.6 Cruciform Muscle Sense Organ in Tellinoidean Bivalves
7.6.7 Cephalic Tentacles
7.6.7.1 Cephalic Tentacles in Gastropods
7.6.8 Specialised Olfactory Organs
7.6.8.1 Cephalic Sense Organs of Euthyneuran Heterobranch Gastropods
7.6.8.2 Olfactory Organs in Cephalopods
7.6.9 Subradular Organ (Licker)
7.7 Temperature – Thermoreception
7.8 Perception of Magnetic and Electrostatic Fields
7.9 Eyes and Other Light Receptors
7.9.1 Dermal Receptors
7.9.2 Nerve Cells as Photoreceptors
7.9.3 Larval Eyes
7.9.4 Adult Eyes
7.9.5 The Cornea and Lens
7.9.6 The Main Types of Eye
7.9.7 Chiton Shell Eyes
7.9.8 Bivalve Eyes
7.9.8.1 Bivalve Mantle Eyes
7.9.8.2 Bivalve Branchial or ‘Cephalic’ Eyes
7.9.9 Gastropod Light Receptor Organs
7.9.9.1 Cephalic Eyes in Gastropods
7.9.9.2 Other Eyes in Gastropods
7.9.10 Cephalopod Light Receptor Organs
7.9.10.1 Cephalic Eyes
7.9.10.2 Photosensitive Vesicles
7.9.11 Cephalic Eyes – Comparison of Gastropods, Cephalopods and Vertebrates
7.9.11.1 Development of the Cephalopod Eye and a Comparison with Vertebrates
7.10 Gene Expression and Eye Development
7.11 Visual Ability
7.11.1 Vision in Coleoid Cephalopods
7.11.1.1 Discrimination and the Ability to Perceive Polarised Light
7.11.2 Photoreceptor Cells and Comparative Retinal Structure
7.11.2.1 Visual Pigments
7.11.2.2 Comparison of the Receptor Cells and Retinal Structure in Molluscan Classes
7.11.3 Visual Processing
7.12 Other Sensory Organs
7.12.1 Monoplacophora
7.12.2 Bivalvia
7.12.2.1 Mantle Edge Tentacles
7.12.2.2 Stempell’s Organ and Stenta’s Organ
7.12.2.3 Abdominal Sense Organs
7.12.3 Patellogastropoda
7.12.4 Vetigastropoda
7.12.4.1 Sensory Papillae
7.12.4.2 Cephalic Lappets and Tentaculate Neck Lobes
7.12.4.3 Epipodial Skirt and Tentacles
7.12.4.4 Epipodial Sense Organs
7.12.5 Heterobranch Gastropods
7.12.5.1 Semper’s Organ in Stylommatophorans
7.12.6 Cephalopods
7.13 Rhythmic Activity, Pacemakers, and Biological Clocks
7.14 Pacemakers
7.15 Behaviour
7.15.1 Neural Networks and Behaviour
7.15.2 Central Pattern Generators
7.15.3 Summary of Behaviour in Each Class
7.15.3.1 Chitons
7.15.3.2 Bivalves
7.15.3.3 Scaphopods
7.15.3.4 Gastropods
7.15.3.5 Cephalopods
7.16 Learning
7.16.1 Differences within Coleoids
7.16.2 Memory
7.16.3 Cognition and Intelligence in Cephalopods
7.17 The Molluscan Nervous System in Experimental Physiology